The National Quantum Fabless Foundry (NQFF) is a national-level platform in Singapore to build capabilities in designing, fabricating, and characterising micro- and nano- devices that are essential for quantum technologies. This research foundry does not own and maintain a cleanroom but access the existing network of cleanrooms in Singapore while augmenting them with new and unique capabilities to develop key recipes important to quantum technologies.
It is incubated at the Institute of Material Research and Engineering (IMRE), while NQFF works closely with the Institute of Micro Electronics (IME), both being part of the A*STAR family. In IMRE, NQFF has state-of-the-art design and characterisation facilities to cater to device characterisation. The NQFF team members perform the fabrication of devices at IME as well as in other cleanrooms, such as the CA2DM and E6 at the National University of Singapore (NUS).
At present, the mandate of the NQFF is to support the local research needs; hence, NQFF works closely with Principal Investigators from NUS and NTU. The foundry has developed fabrication processes on the following four domains of quantum technology platforms:
SUPERCONDUCTING QUBITS
INTEGRATED ION TRAPS
PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
SITE-SPECIFIC DONOR ON SILICON (early stage)
We also design, fabricate and characterise some of the commonly used enabling devices for material qubit platforms namely Cryogenic electronics.
Among the three pillars of quantum technologies computing, communication and sensing, the NQFF currently focuses on the first pillar. The following gives a basic introduction to a full-stack quantum computer to understand the component requirements.
Introduction to Full-Stack Quantum Computer
Currently, there are many choices to realise a unit of quantum information called quantum bit or qubit. These platforms can be broadly classified as material-based qubits and isolated particle-based qubits. Some examples of material-based qubits are superconducting circuits, silicon-donor, quantum dots etc., all requiring sophisticated micro and nano fabrication to build the qubits. On the contrary, isolated particle-based qubits like atoms, molecules, or photons generally require a specialised ultra-high vacuum and or laser to make the qubits.
The foundry supports both types of full-stack machines by manufacturing components that require micro/nano fabrications. In the following, we show which components we develop and where in the full stack they are used. We start with a generic full-stack block diagram:
Superconducting Circuits
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Superconducting Qubits
Fabrication of Metal air-bridge using double exposure photolithography process
Traveling Wave Parametric Amplifier (TWPA)
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The design and fabrication of a TWPA aims to create an efficient amplifier that is capable of providing high power amplification across a wide frequency range.
PartnershipWe have forged partnerships with the best fabrication facilities in Singapore. Currently, we are establishing the process flows for device fabrication at the Institute of Micro Electronics (IME), Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), E6 NanoFab at NUS and the Centre for Quantum Technologies (NUS and NTU). In addition, we are developing a design and characterisation facility at A*STAR's Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE). The list of industry partners is also evolving as we build our capacities.