Challenges Before the 1960s, fire safety standards in Singapore’s buildings were less stringent than the present day. Most doors found in residential and commercial buildings were typically non fire-resistant and therefore unable to withstand the extreme temperatures of a fire which could go as high as 1200 degrees Celsius. Few companies were willing to invest in the high costs and long hours needed to perform physical fire resistance tests. Furthermore, with the limited number of prototypes available, the test results were statistically under-evaluated. The prototypes were also unable to be extrapolated for other test scenarios such as higher temperatures or longer durations.
In 1974, the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) published the first version of the Fire Code
[1] to provide an official rulebook for fire safety standards to keep pace with Singapore's evolving urban landscape and national development. The Fire Code mandates that fire-rated doors be able to compartmentalise a fire within a room and prevent it from spreading for a fixed period, allowing time for people to escape and for SCDF personnel to arrive on-site to extinguish the fire. Such doors can be rated from 30 minutes to as long as 4-hours.
TACAM's fire-rated doors are certified and compliant with SCDF’s Fire Code standards to last the full 4-hours in the event of a fire. However, when used in HDB flats with lower fire-rating requirements, some of these doors were considered over-specifications. It resulted in the company to absorb higher material and production costs, and thus a lower profit margin.
TACAM was keen to explore ways to reduce its material and production cost for the doors while meeting the regulator’s requirements. Through the Technology for Enterprise Capability Upgrading (T-UP) programme, IHPC worked with TACAM to enhance its capabilities in the design of fire-resistance doors using numerical tools that evaluate the performance of doors design and materials. The simulation insights would then serve as crucial inputs and design guidelines for future products.
SolutionCoupled with TACAM’s domain knowledge of physical fire tests and design regulations, IHPC was able to simulate and mimic the fire test in a digital environment and use the simulated results to validate and benchmark against TACAM’s designs database. These results consisted of the temperature profile and the corresponding structural deformation of the doors as they were “burned”.
The virtualised results enabled TACAM and IHPC to gain insights into the heat paths/loads and the structural performance at any instance of the digital fire-test. With the validated simulation model and virtually assessed "what-if" scenarios, TACAM would be able to make sound and cost-effective business decisions by applying the simulation approach to the new door designs.
Significant ProgressNumerical simulations can provide insights to the performance of various designs in a virtual environment, thereby lowering costly investment on product development through potential reductions in the design cycle, material wastage and the number of experimentations required. Moreover, numerical simulations can aid in evaluating the performance of fire doors under “what-if” scenarios and conditions, such as higher temperatures.
IHPC’s capabilities in modelling and simulations enable us to tackle real-world challenges in physical and human systems in the areas of manufacturing, energy, transportation and urban systems, environmental sustainability, healthcare and more.